.quiz.

1. The "effective demand" for a good means a) The total amount people buy during some period of time. b) A schedule of prices and the quantities bought at those prices during some time. c) People insisting on and successful in getting some good. d) The desire of people for a good evenif they don't buy it. 2. If one country's goods all cost less to produce (use fewer resources, including labor) than those of another country, then in the long run a) no trade takes place between them. b) the low-cost country will sell to the high-cost country, but the high cost country will not sell to the low-cost country. c) two-way trade can take place as eachcountry concentrates on its most efficient production of goods. d) trade will take place because all the costs of production will become equal between the two countries. 3. In a very competitive market a) Firms make no profit above normal returns, and they produce at the lowestpossible cost. b) Firms make very high profits, because competition makes firms profitable. c) Firms don't necessarily produce at minimum cost, because competition is costly. d) The price of goods is above average cost, because consumers also compete to buy goods, raising the price above cost. 4. In a monopoly with only one producer in the industry, a) the firm can set whatever price and quantity it wants. b) the firm maximizes profit where its average cost equals the extra revenue from selling one more unit. c) the firm sets the quantity where its extra profit just equals its extra cost. d) The profit-maximizing quantity is lessthan the revenue- maximizing quantity if the costs are positive. 5. A tax on a produced good a) raises the price the consumer pays, but does not affect the quantity, since folks want the good just as much. b) always raises the price of the good by the full amount of the tax. c) raises the price by less than the tax, and reduces the quantity sold. d) raises the price by more than the tax,since the seller makes an extra profit onthe tax. 6. If you own your own business, your real gain is a) the revenue minus what you pay for costs. b) the total revenue minus what you could sell your own resources for. c) the revenue minus what you pay for costs minus the best return elsewhere for your labor and resources. d) the revenue minus what you pay for costs plus the value of your own resources. 7. An employer hires the amount of labor at the level where a) the wage equals the extra amount the worker adds to production. b) the wage equals the average amount the worker produces. c) the total wages of all workers is greater than what they all add to production. d) the productivity of the last worker hired is the maximum possible. 8. When a price is below the market equilibrium price, there is a: a) shortage and quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. b) shortage and quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. c) surplus and quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. d) surplus and quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. 9. As the price of crude oil falls: a) the demand for gasoline will likely decrease. b) the demand for gasoline will likely increase. c) the supply of gasoline will likely increase, and its price will likely decrease. d) the supply of gasoline will likely decrease, and its price will likely increase. 10. If government collects a tax on landrent, a) suppliers (owners) must bear the entire burden of the tax, since it reduces the rent they keep. b) suppliers will raise the price of land, since the yield or return on land will become equalized to that of other investments. c) the renter will bear the entire burden of the tax, since all taxes can be passed on to consumers and users. d) the owner and renter share the burden of the tax, depending on the demand. Answers: 1. b) Demand by definition is a schedule of prices and the quantities bought at those prices during some time, and therefore also a curve on a graph showing quantities bought at all the various prices. Demand is a relationship between price and quantity, holding everything else constant. The amount bought at a particular price is the "quantity demanded." Effective demand involves both desire and cash, just wanting something is called a "notional" demand. 2. c) Two-way trade can take place as each country concentrates on its most efficient production of goods. Even if one country can produce everything at a lower physical cost, two countries canboth benefit from trade if they have a comparative advantage in some goods,i.e. if they are relative more productive in these goods. 3. a) Firms make no profit above normal returns, and they produce at the lowest possible cost. Normal returns are the usual wages and returns on investments. In a very competitive market, if profits are higher than normal returns, then other firms will enter, expand the supply, drive the price down, and squeeze out the extra profit. 4. d) The profit-maximizing quantity is less than the revenue- maximizing quantity if the costs are positive. A monopolist cannot set both price and quantity, since for any particular price, the quantity sold is based on the demand. 5. c) A tax on a produced good raises the price by less than the tax, and reduces the quantity sold. That's because there is a lower quantity sold, and the producers with the highest costs leave the industry. The remaining firms have lower costs, so after adding the tax, the sales price goes up less than the tax, but still goes up, hurting both consumers and producers. 6. If you own your own business, your real gain is c) the revenue minus what you pay for costs minus the best return elsewhere for your labor and resources. Your real economic gain is the revenue minus all costs, including what your wage and returns on investment would be elsewhere. 7. An employer hire the amount of laborat the level where a) the wage equals the extra amount the worker adds to production. In economic terms, wages tend to equal the marginal product of labor, the extra amount a worker contributes to the value of the product. Where labor productivity is low, wages are low. 8. When a price is below the market equilibrium price, there is a) a shortage,and quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. An example is rent control, where the rental of housing is set below the market price. The result is more folks wanting housing than is available. Often a black market developsat a higher, illegal price. This is an example of a distortion caused by intervention. 9. As the price of crude oil falls, c) the supply of gasoline will likely increase, and its price will likely decrease. Lower input prices lower the cost of production and expand supply, reducing the price. 10. If government collects a tax on landrent, a) suppliers, i.e. owners, must bear the entire burden of the tax, since it reduces the rent they keep. Since the supply of land is fixed, the supply does not become reduced by a tax on the rent. Landlords are not able to pass on the tax to renters if they were already setting the rent at what the market will bear. So the market rent paid by tenantsdoes not change. The selling price of land falls to where it would provide a normal after-tax return.